SENSORY PROCESSING Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

the surreal world :: essays research papers fc

Workmanship comes in a wide range of shapes and sizes. From drawing on a work area in secondary school to computerized craftsmanship on PCs, we don’t notice that workmanship encompasses us all over. In any case, there is one specific fine art that is picking up enthusiasm all through the world, and has been around for a considerable length of time. This artistic expression is known as Surrealism. Oddity is the main type of craftsmanship that really lets you express your brain the manner in which you need it to be communicated, without any cutoff points or limits. In Surrealism, there is no gravity, words stream like water, items can fly in the boundless skies, and pictures can swim. Essentially, Surrealism has no principles; it is just the craftsman and his brain.      Around the mid 1900’s, not long after the First World War, a man by the name of Tristan Tzara loathed war, and was sickened by what occurred and why World War 1 began. Tzara imagined that a general public that makes such disarray as war doesn't merit craftsmanship. In any case, his endeavor to mortify the new plug world didn't go the manner in which he arranged. His enemy of workmanship became craftsmanship. The new confused, insubordinate pictures turned into the state of affairs. This was known as the Dada Movement. The Dada development gradually blurred like a phantom, as a gathering of specialists thought the Dada Movement annihilated the endowment of what hundreds of years of craftsmen have learned and passed on about the art of workmanship. This is the point at which the Surrealist Movement started.      Surrealism, the development in writing and expressive arts, was set up by a French writer by the name of Andre Breton. The objective of this development was to stress the oblivious brain in an innovative manner. It was to communicate the oblivious brain in an all the more efficient and genuine way. There are two gatherings of surrealists that framed all through this development. One of the gatherings is the Automatists. Automatists enjoyed an increasingly innovative way, they thought of their craft as useless. This isn't to state they didn’t care about their craft, however they just didn't have a meaning of what they made. They accepted that is was programmed the path pictures from the psyche came to the cognizant.      The other gathering of Surrealist are known as the Veristic Surrealists. The Veristics essentially were nearly equivalent to the Automatists. But, the Veristics saw significance in their work. The Veristics thought of their work of art as an illustration for an inward reality. the strange world :: articles examine papers fc Workmanship comes in various shapes and sizes. From drawing on a work area in secondary school to advanced workmanship on PCs, we don’t notice that craftsmanship encompasses us all over the place. In any case, there is one specific artistic expression that is picking up enthusiasm all through the world, and has been around for quite a long time. This work of art is known as Surrealism. Oddity is the main type of workmanship that genuinely lets you express your psyche the manner in which you need it to be communicated, without any cutoff points or limits. In Surrealism, there is no gravity, words stream like water, articles can fly in the boundless skies, and pictures can swim. Essentially, Surrealism has no guidelines; it is just the craftsman and his psyche.      Around the mid 1900’s, not long after the First World War, a man by the name of Tristan Tzara despised war, and was appalled by what occurred and why World War 1 began. Tzara believed that a general public that makes such mayhem as war doesn't merit craftsmanship. In any case, his endeavor to embarrass the new advertisement world didn't go the manner in which he arranged. His enemy of workmanship became craftsmanship. The new tumultuous, defiant pictures turned into business as usual. This was known as the Dada Movement. The Dada development gradually blurred like a phantom, as a gathering of craftsmen thought the Dada Movement crushed the endowment of what hundreds of years of specialists have learned and passed on about the specialty of craftsmanship. This is the point at which the Surrealist Movement started.      Surrealism, the development in writing and expressive arts, was set up by a French writer by the name of Andre Breton. The objective of this development was to stress the oblivious brain in an imaginative manner. It was to communicate the oblivious psyche in an all the more organized and genuine way. There are two gatherings of surrealists that framed all through this development. One of the gatherings is the Automatists. Automatists enjoyed a progressively imaginative way, they thought of their craft as insignificant. This isn't to state they didn’t care about their specialty, yet they just didn't have a meaning of what they made. They accepted that is was programmed the path pictures from the inner mind came to the cognizant.      The other gathering of Surrealist are known as the Veristic Surrealists. The Veristics basically were nearly equivalent to the Automatists. But, the Veristics saw significance in their work. The Veristics thought of their work of art as an analogy for an internal reality.

Celebrating National Forgiveness Day

Celebrating National Forgiveness Day Stress Management Relationship Stress Print Celebrating National Forgiveness Day By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on September 05, 2018 Forgiveness can be a challenge, but one that is vital for your own wellbeing. PeopleImages.com/Getty Images More in Stress Management Relationship Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress The last Saturday in October presents us with a special observance: National Forgiveness Day. July 7th is celebrated as Global Forgiveness Day.  These are great opportunities to remind ourselves of the importance of forgiveness, to value the forgiveness that others have offered us in the past, and to focus on forgiving those we may need to forgiveâ€"including ourselves. Focusing on forgiveness is important for many reasons.  We all know that holding onto anger hurts us more than it hurts the object of that anger.  Unresolved anger can create health problems just as unmanaged stress can, and it robs us of happiness as well. Knowing this, however, doesnt always make the anger magically dissolve. Its sometimes really difficult to forgive. Why Is Forgiveness So Difficult? There are a few reasons that forgiveness in practice is much more challenging than forgiveness in theory. Some of the more common reasons (as well as counter-arguments) are: They dont deserve it.  We think the other person doesnt deserve our forgiveness. (They may not, but  we  deserve to be free of anger.)The pain is still fresh.  When we think about forgiving the other person, we are reminded of what they did, and we become angry all over again. (This reaction will become less intense over time as we work on accepting what happened. This can be a sign that we need to work on this more, howeverâ€"again, for our own sake, not for theirs.)We think forgiveness means approval.  We think forgiving the other person is the same as saying what they did was okay, or that they are welcome to do it again. (This isnt true either. Forgiving means letting go of anger, and of a lack of acceptance of what happened. Forgiving does  not  mean condoning the behavior, and you can definitely forgive  and  take steps toward protecting yourself in the future. You can even  let go of the relationship  but still forgive.) The Role of National Forgiveness Day and Similar Holidays So why does it help to have a special day for forgiveness? We are free to forgive others anytime, and often the best time to do so is right when you realize that youre holding onto anger.  However, there are times when it really helps to have a special day to focus on forgiveness.  Heres why: An official reminder.  When were holding onto anger, sometimes we dont realize when weve gotten to the point where we are ready to forgive. Having a special day when we are encouraged to look inward can help us to get to a place of being ready to forgive, or realize that were already there.  Momentum from a group.  It also helps to have the motivation and momentum to get past our personal obstacles to forgiveness and forgive already. Having a day focused on forgiveness, a day that everyone is encouraged to celebrate can provide motivation and momentum at the same time.A fresh start for the holidays.  With the holiday season approaching, we may see family and friends we havent seen for a while; its good to clear out any anger we may be holding onto so we can celebrate from a fresh and loving place. What to Do on National Forgiveness Day So how does one celebrate National Forgiveness Day or any day that weve decided to celebrate as our own forgiveness day? By forgiving anyone and everyone we may be angry with. (And again, if you are reading this on a day other than the official National Forgiveness Day, you absolutely can create your own day of forgiveness whenever it works for you.)  Here are some more specific ideas: Take a minute to think about anyone you may be angry with, even if that anger is not fresh. Then decide to let go.If there is a lot to forgive, just let go of as much as you can for now, and work on it again later.Forgive your parents if youre holding onto anger from your childhoodForgive people you grew up with if you had some childhood experiences youre still angry about.Forgive your spouse or partner if you have any relationship baggage that youre holding onto. If it feels difficult to forgive because youre afraid that youll open yourself up to getting hurt by them again, realize that the anger itself is hurting you, but you can take steps to change your relationship and the way you are treated in it.Forgive yourself if youre feeling any self-directed anger for anything, such as goals you havent met, promises to yourself you havent fulfilled, or mistakes youve made in the past. Just let it all go!If you are unable to get to a place where you can forgive someone or something from t he past, and holding onto the associated pain and anger is affecting your wellbeing, you may want to consider working with a professional.  Sometimes there are deeper issues to work through, and having the support of a professional can make the process much easier and quicker to move through. How to Let Go and Forgive Forgiveness can be freeing, but its always easier said than done. The following forgiveness resources can help: The Powerful Benefits of ForgivenessForgiveness can be a real challenge at times. It can help to motivate yourself to go through the process by arming yourself with a clear understanding of why its worth the effort.  Learn what youll get out of it when you forgive those who have hurt you. 5 Effective Strategies to Forgive Others and Move On How to ForgiveLike so many things in life, forgiveness is easier said than done. Here are five strategies to help you to go through the journey from wanting to forgive and let go to actually do it!

Persuasive Speech

Persuasive Speech Writing Persuasive speech writing is a popular assignment in schools, as this type of assignment will encourage learning through direct participation with the material, and assist students in practicing successful communication habits. Most students struggle with one or many of the aspects required to be successful with persuasive speeches, many times it is the persuasive speech topics, persuasive speech writing, or research. However, other students may struggle with grammar, formatting, or style of their persuasive speech. When you need high quality assistance to write your persuasive speech, we are here to help, providing you with professional, degree-holding writers. Persuasive Speeches and Sample Writing Here at ThePensters, our writers provide you with samples of their work, allowing you to select your favorite or most related writer to help you complete your persuasive speech. Our writers have degrees from numerous different disciplines; even PhD writers are available to assist you with persuasive speeches. Many of our writers have worked in their field, achieved top grades in their schools, and some of our writers even work with students on tutoring basis outside of our site. When you need persuasive speech topics, you need assistance from experienced writers and we have them here at ThePensters. Your persuasive speech writing options include native speakers US, UK, Canada, or even ESL (English Second Language) writers. When you need the highest quality assistance to help you write persuasive speeches, you need choices which are available here at Pensters. Your Solutions for Persuasive Speeches Your solutions for high quality persuasive speeches can be found here with our experienced writers. Our writers will strive to meet all of your requirements, even providing your pointers at your request. In addition, persuasive speeches require research and proper formatting of information to prevent plagiarism, and our writers are dedicated to accomplishing these goals successfully. Our commitment is to you, and your needs for the best persuasive speech topics and persuasive speech writing. When you need help to write your persuasive speech, we are here to put you in contact with a highly qualified writer to help you achieve your goals.

The Tudors Effect On The English Church Essay - 1303 Words

Argument Persuasion Essay: The Tudors Effect on the English Church â€Å"Nothing would be the same for any woman in this country again. From this time onward no wife, however obedient, however loving, would be safe. For everyone would know that if a wife such as Queen Katherine of England could be put aside for no reason, then any wife could be put aside.† (Gregory, 2002, 276) The Tudor dynasty was a well-known royal family during England in the 1500’s. The best known, and discussed ruler during this time was King Henry the VIII. He is known for his many wives, specifically six, and also his radical reformation of the English Church. King Henry VIII was very concerned with having a male heir to continue the dynasty. For that reason, he annulled his first marriage to Queen Catherine of Aragon. This annulment of his first marriage fuelled the creation of the English Church. Although Henry VIII may have acted in pure self-interest, this creation of the English Church would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Students studying the Tu dor Dynasty should appreciate the steps taken in religious history by King Henry VIII. King Henry s desire for a male heir changed religious history. He was willing to annul his first marriage to ensure the continuation of the Tudor dynasty through a male heir. England wanted a strong alliance between England and Spain, leading to the marriage between Catherine of Aragon and King Henry VIII. Catherine had been married once before to Henry’sShow MoreRelatedThe Tudors Effect On History Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pages Argument Persuasion Essay: The Tudors Effect on History â€Å"Nothing would be the same for any woman in this country again†¦. For everyone would know that if a wife such as Queen Katherine of England could be put aside for no reason, then any wife could be put aside.† (Gregory, 2002, 276) The Tudor dynasty was a well-known royal family during England in the 1500’s. The best known, and discussed ruler during this time was King Henry the VIII. He is known for his many wives, specifically six, and alsoRead MoreThe Battle of Bosworth Field and its Effect on Government and Society1237 Words   |  5 Pagesarmy of Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond and King Richard III. It was the 16th and penultimate battle of the War of the Roses. It was crucial to the outcome to the war and the history of the world to come. The battle of Bosworth Field effected England, through the military, as peace was brought to England after centuries of war, politically as Henry VII came to the crown, beginning the Tudor dynasty, with Henry VII revolutio n of Government, and Socially with the reformation of the Church in England withRead MorePrimary Source Analysis: The Act of Supremacy 15341185 Words   |  5 PagesI chose to research is The Act of Supremacy (1534). This was an act passed by the English Parliament establishing the English monarch, which at the time was Henry Tudor VIII, as the head of state and religious head of the Church of England. Although there is always some glamorization in the writing and depiction of historically based movies, I enjoyed both â€Å"The Other Boleyn Girl† and the cable series â€Å"The Tudors†. I found Henry VIII quite interesting, twisting both law and religion to suit hisRead MoreThroughout history, there have been many influential leaders who have affected the world in many1300 Words   |  6 Pagesworld in many ways. Some are remembered as horrible dictators, while others are thought of as people who benefitted society immensely. One of those very important leaders sh aped her country into what it is today. Queen Elizabeth I, the final ruler of Tudor, was honored by thousands during her reign as queen. Although Elizabeth of England faced a lot of prejudice throughout her lifetime, she still gained a good reputation among her people by handling the country well and did her best to fix its problemsRead MoreEssay on Queen Elizabeth I - Family, Religion, and Politics1479 Words   |  6 Pagesboth personally and politically. Although she had, at times, a horrible temper and a disagreeable personality, and suffered through many physical and psychological problems as an adult, Elizabeth proved to be one of the most remarkable monarchs in English history. Firstly, I will discuss Elizabeth’s family (including her many stepmothers), and then I will talk about her relationship with her siblings under their power. Thirdly, I will examine religion and how it affected her opinions and politicsRead MoreThe Beginning Of The Reformation1476 Words   |  6 Pagesnorthern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice.† On October 31 1517, Martin Luther nailed the 95 thesis’ to the door of the church of Wittenberg.†These theses were up for debate on the errors of indulgences and related matters which, for him, came into the category of useless ‘work s’ which distracted Christians from their true path to salvation, which was faith alone† They arguedRead MoreBurnings of Protestants and the Failure of Marys Religious Policy2836 Words   |  12 PagesBurnings of Protestants and the Failure of Marys Religious Policy After Mary had taken the throne from Lady Jane Grey in 1553, she had, in her view, the task of returning the church to the state it had been in at the start of 1534. By the end of the year of her accession, Mary had re-implemented the heresy laws and by her death in November 1558, a minimum of 287 Protestants had died in the flames at Smithfield and elsewhere across the country. At the end of Marys reignRead MoreQueen Mary Stuart Of Scotland And Queen Elizabeth I Of England1015 Words   |  5 Pagesabout that dominated Europe. Cousins, Queen Mary Stuart of Scotland and Queen Elizabeth I of England, formed an unpleasant relationship that ended with execution. The scandalous rivalry between Mary, Queen of Scots and Queen Elizabeth I had a profound effect on the politics of their time. Queen Elizabeth I was much more regal than her cousin, Mary Stuart of Scotland, and ruled her kingdom with poise and sophistication. When Elizabeth came into power, she had to rebuild the ruins that her half-sisterRead MoreQueen Mary and Queen Elizabeth of England1626 Words   |  7 Pagescountry was placed in women’s hands and their reigns were watched with a reasonable doubt. There is contrast of rule in terms of reigns between Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth of England, both of whom were engaged in a protracted struggle for the English throne. Beside the legitimacy of their claims, there are more significant considerations which predestined them to either increase or lose their power. The rule and attitudes of the two monarchs bore significant influence upon the times in which theyRead MoreIs Queen Mary The First?1042 Words   |  5 PagesEighth, loved her as a child because he could send her to Noblemen, to other kingdoms, etc. as an entertainer for them. (englishhistorr y.net/..1mary1.html) Back in the 1500s, the standards of living were different than now and this might have had an effect on Mary. Some things back then were more acceptable than they are now. For example King Henry the Eighth had many different wives. He cut off their heads, divorced them, and etc. just because they didn’t give him a male heir. He treated his wives

Play Report Our Lady of 121st Street Free Essays

Immediate Responses: -Easy read -Incredibly funny -Characters are so unlike one another -The relationships all linked together somehow -Very disappointed by the way they found Sister Rose -Loved the simple flow of the dialogue -Had to re-read several things in order to keep the sequence straight due to the jumping around of the scenes and time. Basic Conflict: The basic conflict of the play is the unsettling fact that somebody has stolen the corpse of their beloved nun Sister Rose. Major Events: -Somebody stole Sister Rose’s corpse Balthazar tells Vic a story about a man who didn’t care that his son had died -Rooftop goes to confession with Father Lux for the first time in 30 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Play Report: Our Lady of 121st Street or any similar topic only for you Order Now -Inez is Rooftop’s ex wife -Gail’s and Flip’s relationship is established. Gail is an actor. -Flip denies his relationship with Gail in front of Inez -The interrogation of Norca by Balthazar -Edwin’s and Pinky’s relationship is established -Edwin sends Pinky out for Yodels at 10:30 in the morning -Marcia’s asthma attack. Edwin takes care of her. Marcia tries hooking up with Edwin. -Norca and Inez speak in the bar for the first time since Norca slept with Rooftop, Inez’s ex husband. Balthazar takes Rooftop out of his confession. * Pinky kisses Father Lux * Pinky returns from getting yodels over 12 hours later. * He admits to Edwin that he spent time with Norca * Marcia expresses her concerns that Edwin will turn into her alcoholic grandfather * Marcia wants to marry Edwin who doesn’t want to leave Pinky alone. * Flip kisses Gail in public * Balthazar confesses that he was the guy who decided to watch a game on television over go ing to his son’s death sight. Major Theme: The major theme/lesson of the play is to always put somebody else before you. If you do than you will learn more about yourself in long run. Environment: The environment of our scene is a bar and grill on 121st street at 2 a. m. in the morning. Sitting in the bar I can see the smoke from the kitchen as it passes the lights on the ceiling. I can smell the fantastic aroma of fried food being cooked out back. I can taste the cold, salty, and seasoned French fries as I bite into them off of Marcia’s plate. I can hear the faint jazz music from the jukebox in the corner behind me. I can feel the cool air conditioning coming from the vents as I stand under them when I get warm. Character My character is Edwin Velasquez. Edwin is a super for a building on 121st street and has a great relationship with some of his tenants. Edwin dresses incredibly mainstream and boring. He hasn’t shaved in 3 months, so his scruff is quite visible and doesn’t waste time doing his hair. Edwin loves to eat Yodels with whole milk, and smoke. Edwin’s not the smartest 32 year old and he had to re-do 2nd grade 3 times. He is a very happy person who has taken on a huge burden that causes him to be on edge almost all of the time. Some people may see this as a bad attitude, but it’s simply a result of always worrying. Edwin has to take care of his little Brother, Pinky, by himself due to the fact that their parents are dead. Pinky is mentally challenged, and it just so happens that it’s Edwin’s fault which really weighs down on his shoulder’s 24/7. He threw a brick through a window after being yelled at by his parents for calling Pinky a retard, and the brick hit Pinky on the head causing permanent damage. Edwin’s most important relationship is the one with his brother Pinky. Their parents passed away several years ago. Social Services insisted on taking Pinky into custody, but Edwin would not let that happen, so he took full responsibility for Pinky. He feels that he owes it to his parents to be the best possible parental figure he can be for Pinky. Edwin’s overall need or desire throughout his life is to be certain Pinky is happy and safe at all times. Edwin does extremely well trying to protect Pinky and know exactly where he is at all times, but Pinky makes it incredibly difficult to do so. In our scene he does not achieve it because Pinky was out for over 12 hours and did not tell Edwin where he was going to be which worried Edwin to death, but it was truly out of his hands. How to cite Play Report: Our Lady of 121st Street, Essay examples

The Effect of Global Warming on Thermohaline Circulation free essay sample

Industrial activities, such as fossil fuel burning and other human activities such as tropical deforestation have increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Increasing global temperatures are likely to have extreme effects on global climate and may result in species extinction, changes in agricultural production and deleterious effects on health. Studies have been conducted in recent years on the effects of increase of greenhouse gases on the thermohaline circulation. There are several hypotheses that state that the prolonged effect of global warming could eventually â€Å"shut down† the thermohaline circulation and lead to cooling in certain regions in the North Atlantic Ocean. Several ocean-atmosphere models have been used to predict the effect of increase of carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) concentration on ocean circulation. Two such models are discussed and their results are analyzed. 1. Introduction [2] Global temperatures have seen a dramatic increase since the Industrial Revolution. Several climate models have projected an increase of between 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Global Warming on Thermohaline Circulation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 ° C to 6. 4 ° C in the global average temperature due to the continued effect of global warming (IPCC (2007)). Apart from the resulting adverse effect on global climate, increasing global temperatures may result in species extinction, changes in agricultural production, deleterious effects on health, rise in the sea level, reductions in the ozone layer and disruption in the ice shelf. Another possible outcome of global warming is what is now termed as the â€Å"shutdown of the thermohaline circulation†. Wallace S. Broeker, the man responsible for the term â€Å"Global Conveyor Belt†, called the thermohaline circulation the â€Å"Achilles heel of our climate system† (Broeker, 1997). There is much research that focuses on the effect of greenhouse gases on ocean circulation. Two such models are discussed in future sections. Some research has shown that the transfer of heat from regions around the equator to the poles is due to the thermohaline circulation in the ocean. This implies that Europe does not have the same limate as the poles because of the thermohaline circulation. The thermohaline circulation therefore plays an important role in regulating the amount of sea ice in the Polar Regions. There are several schools of thought (Seager, Battisti, Yin, Gordon, Naik, Clement and Cane (2002)) that attribute this climate in Europe to its position with respect to the ocean basin and the warm atmospheric waves that blow up north from the tropics. Rhines and Hakkinen (2003) c hallenged this claim. According to Rhines and Hakkinen, â€Å"it is the existence of the oceanic heat transport that allows the maritime effect to operate in the northern North Atlantic and to create a milder European climate than in the North America; without the heat transport, ice would likely extend over much greater areas of ocean and land†. Much research is currently focused on the role of ocean circulation in the supply of heat to Europe. 2. Thermohaline Circulation [3] Ocean circulation is commonly divided into two parts: the thermohaline and the wind driven circulation. In other words, circulation in the oceans is partly due to wind stress, and also partly due to changes in density because of changes in temperature and salinity. The term â€Å"thermohaline† originates from thermo for heat and haline for salt, which together determine the density of the water mass. [4] Thermohaline circulation originates in specific areas of the North Atlantic and in the Weddell Sea of the Southern Ocean. In the North Atlantic, the evaporative cooling effect of winter is responsible for cooling the upper layers of seawater, increasing the salinity thereby increasing density and causing sinking. The dominant infrared absorbing gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3). The interactions between greenhouse gas molecules and radiation can be explained by quantum mechanics. CO2 and O3 molecules have vibration motions whose quantum states can be excited by collisions at energies encountered in the atmosphere. Industrial activities, such as fossil fuel burning and other human activities such as cement production and tropical deforestation has increased the carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. CO2 is also a byproduct from automobiles, airplanes and building constructions. The importance of CO2 as a greenhouse gas is very apparent and is therefore used as a parameter in determining the effects of global warming. 4. Review of models used to simulate the response of the Thermohaline Circulation to increasing CO2 [6] Several coupled ocean-atmosphere models have been used to simulate the response of ocean circulation to the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Manabe and Stouffer (1993) conducted one such study; a coupled ocean-atmosphere model was used to simulate the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere. Three integrations over a period of 500 years were conducted. In the first integration the atmospheric concentration of CO2 was kept constant. The second and third integration involved increasing the atmospheric CO2 at a rate of 1% per year, until it reached twice the original value at the 70th year (for the second integration) and four times the original value at the 140th year (for the third integration) and was maintained constant thereafter. The change in CO2 concentration caused the gradual disappearance of the thermohaline circulation while doubling and quadrupling the concentration of CO2. Most notably, in the North Atlantic Ocean, the thermohaline circulation nearly vanished during the first 200 years in the 4xCO2 integration (the integration carried out while quadrupling the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere). During the first 140 years of the 4xCO2 integration, the thermohaline circulation rapidly weakens and continues to do so even after the concentration of CO2 is held constant. The integration also showed a decrease in the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water. The result of this integration shows that the gradual disappearance of the thermohaline circulation leaves wind driven, shallow cells in the subtropics of the North and South hemisphere. Similar effects were observed in the 2xCO2 integration. The thermohaline circulation shows weakening intensity during the first 70 years of simulation, which continues until the 150th year, during which there is no change in the CO2 concentration. But in the 150th year the thermohaline circulation slowly begins to regain its original intensity, although not quite achieving it. 7] Manabe and Stouffer concluded that the weakening of thermohaline circulation in the 2xCO2 integration is not due to its instability, but rather due to the adjustments made by the mechanism to the â€Å"evolving density structure† of the models Atlantic Ocean. This is apparent in the manner in which the circulation slowly regains strength in the later part of the 2xCO2 integration. This does not happen in the 4xCO2 int egration, and the thermohaline circulation shuts down. There were also notable changes in the Weddell and Ross Seas, where the circulation became weak and shallow. This in turn caused weakening of the deep-water formation and the northward flow of bottom water in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans was affected. This weakening of the thermohaline circulation is attributed to â€Å"the capping of the model oceans by relatively fresh water in high latitudes where the excess of precipitation over evaporation increases markedly due to the enhanced poleward moisture transport in the warmer model troposphere†. [8] Schmittner and Stocker (1998) used a simplified coupled atmosphere-ocean model to study the possible effects of greenhouse gas emissions. The findings were similar to Manabe and Stouffer, with the model exhibiting a threshold value of CO2 concentration beyond which the thermohaline circulation shuts down and does not recover. The concentration of CO2 is doubled here, and exhibits a shutdown; however the model is less sensitive than that of Manabe and Stouffer. The model shows that the thermohaline circulation breaks down for a value of 750 ppm or higher. An equilibrium state is reached characterized by the absence of deep-water formation in the North Atlantic. 9] Manabe and Stouffer (2003) revisited the effect of carbon dioxide on thermohaline circulation by conducting several integrations using a coupled atmosphere-ocean model for a time period varying between 4000 years to 15000 years. Similar to the study carried out in 1993, the concentrations of CO2 are doubled, quadrupled and halved. In each experiment â€Å"the response of surface temperature increases with increasing latitudes†. In the 2xCO2 experiment, thermohaline circulation shows weakening before intensifying around the 200-year mark. It fully regains its original intensity in the 600th year. The 4xCO2 experiment shows the thermohaline circulation reacting in a similar manner as earlier noted, however, it regained its intensity around the 1000-year mark. The weakening of the thermohaline circulation in the 2xCO2 and 4xCO2 experiments is attributable to reduction in the surface salinity of the North Atlantic Ocean. With the warming of the troposphere (due to increased CO2 concentrations), the moisture content in the air increases; this in turn enhances the transport of water vapor in the troposphere towards the poles. The precipitation in the high latitudes goes up by a fairly high amount, which reduces the salinity and density of the North Atlantic waters. 5. Conclusion [10] There are several hypotheses that state that the continued effect of global warming could eventually â€Å"shut down† the thermohaline circulation and lead to cooling in certain regions in the North Atlantic Ocean. Global warming could lead to an increase of freshwater in the upper oceanic regions, by melting glaciers, and thereby increasing precipitation into the ocean. This increase in freshwater could have an adverse effect on the thermohaline circulation which, as mentioned earlier, is driven by changes in temperature and salinity. In 2004, NASA satellites recorded what seemed to be the slowing of the North Atlantic current. On April 15 of that year, NASA released a press statement stating that the â€Å"slowing of this ocean current is an indication of dramatic changes in the North Atlantic Ocean climate†. A study of the ocean circulation in the North Atlantic by Harry Bryden (2005) revealed that â€Å"Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has slowed by about 30 per cent between 1957 and 2004†. Bryden’s finding was viewed with speculation by the scientific and oceanographic community, especially since measurements conducted post 2005 showed a significant warming of the North Atlantic Current. However, the current overall climate is definitely changing; in particular sea-ice formation is less because of overall global warming. Bryden predicts that the shutdown on the thermohaline circulation could have severe repercussions on Europe, in that the temperature would change drastically. There could be major climatic changes such as an increase in floods and storms. Warming or rainfall changes in the tropics or the poles could occur. While the rest of the scientific community felt Bryden’s findings were not credible, Detlef Quadfasel (2005) felt that there were a few observations that supported Bryden’s work. Quadfasel pointed out that climatic records have shown drops in air temperature by 10 °C in a few decades possibly caused due to abrupt changes in ocean circulation. Global warming is a very real threat to the human race. The question we face is whether global warming is in fact to going to affect the thermohaline circulation. Even though there is a large amount of research that is being conducted in this area, there is an equal amount of opposition to it. Jaworowski (2007) has called the increase of CO2 concentrations the â€Å"Greatest Scientific Scandal of our Time†. Jaworowski claims that the IPCC assessment of global warming in 2007 was purely a political move, â€Å"prepared by governmental and United Nations bureaucrats†. In another article in 2007, Jaworowski also claimed that the increase of CO2 is not due to human activity but by atmosphere-ocean gas exchange and other causes of natural climatic fluctuations. Numerical models may provide a fairly decent idea of the functioning of systems, but there is always the danger of erroneous statistical methods and the use of boundary conditions that don’t necessarily reflect the real world. However, at the risk of sounding trite, prevention is better than cure. The risk of man entering a new ice age is very real as of now, and will remain so until research shows otherwise. There are studies that speculate that the shutdown of the thermohaline circulation is what previously led to the Younger Dryas (the big freeze) period (Schiermeier, 2006). Man may enter a new ice age; ironically, because of global warming.