7 army values - 806 Words

Army Values Army Values and the Leader LOYALTY Leaders who demonstrate loyalty: Bear true faith and allegiance in the correct order to the Constitution, the Army, and the organization. Observe higher headquarters priorities. Work within the system without manipulating it for personal gain. DUTY Leaders who demonstrate devotion to duty: Fulfill obligations-professional, legal, and moral. Carry out mission requirements. Meet professional standards. Set the example. Comply with policies and directives. Continually pursue excellence. RESPECT Leaders who demonstrate respect: Treat people as they should be treated. Create a climate of fairness and equal opportunity. Are discreet and tactful when correcting or†¦show more content†¦The nation’s highest military award is The Medal of Honor. This award goes to Soldiers who make honor a matter of daily living — Soldiers who develop the habit of being honorable, and solidify that habit with every value choice they make. Honor is a matter of carrying out, acting, and living the values of respect, duty, loyalty, selfless service, integrity and personal courage in everything you do. Integrity Do what’s right, legally and morally. Integrity is a quality you develop by adhering to moral principles. It requires that you do and say nothing that deceives others. As your integrity grows, so does the trust others place in you. The more choices you make based on integrity, the more this highly prized value will affect your relationships with family and friends, and, finally, the fundamental acceptance of yourself. Personal Courage Face fear, danger or adversity (physical or moral). Personal courage has long been associated with our Army. With physical courage, it is a matter of enduring physical duress and at times risking personal safety. Facing moral fear or adversity may be a long, slow process of continuing forward on the right path, especially if taking those actions is not popular with others. You can build your personal courage by daily standing up for and acting upon the things that you know areShow MoreRelatedEssay The 7 Army Values and Malingering1450 Words   |  6 PagesThe seven Army values are the backbone of the United States Army. They are broken down to us in the acronym ‘LDRSHIP’. Loyalty, â€Å"Bear true faith and allegiance to the U.S. constitution, the Army, and other soldiers.† Duty, â€Å"Fulfill your obligations.† Respect, â€Å"Treat people as they should be treated.† Selfless Service, â€Å"Put the welfare of the nation, the Army and your subordina tes above your own.† Honor, â€Å"Live up to the army values.† Integrity, â€Å"Do what’s right legally and morally.† and PersonalRead MoreArmy Values Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesTHE SEVEN ARMY VALUES In the US army we are taught to live by the 7 army values. They are broken down to us in the acronym ‘LDRSHIP’. 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Providing Professional And Vocational Education - 1709 Words

The second barrier standing in the way of the process of obtaining professional and vocational education was this: ‘It is physically very difficult to get to school’ as indicated by our respondents. At present, in the Russian Federation, only 10 percent of universities provide not only architectural but, first and foremost, educational and methodological accessibility of higher education for disabled students, demonstrating a proper level of professional and pedagogical competence of the teaching staff. Not surprisingly, these higher educational institutions become centers of attraction for disabled young people and accumulate the largest number of disabled students. In addition, in Russia, only 21 universities, according to monitoring,†¦show more content†¦As was mentioned earlier, this was the third most popular answer as 31% of respondents answered like this. Romanov P.V. and Yarskaya-Smirnova, E.R. (2010) emphasize that barriers are not in themselves specific features of someone’s appearance, communication or movement patterns, but are results of the lack of public participation, which exacerbate social inequality between people. The authors of the article argue that one of the ways to overcome the first and second barriers could be the involvement of team project work of school and university students. In line with this suggestion, N.A. Lukianova directed a project in autumn 2016, at TPU whereby a team of students studying Industrial Design completed a portfolio consisting of the results of monitoring and assessment of the level of accessibility of the architectural environment on campus for students with disabilities. The portfolio included an interactive map of the campus. The main objectives of this team student project were formulated as follows. 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Relationships at all levels involve complex powerplay Free Essays

string(34) " Alan Jones speaks uninterrupted\." Present this task in the form of a discussion between two personalities. Base your response on your prescribed text and at least three other related texts of your own choosing. Introduction music to ‘Oprah’ plays. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationships at all levels involve complex powerplay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Oprah Winfrey walks onstage, waving to the audience. Oprah: My my my, how are you today ladies and gentlemen? Well don’t I have a special show for you today! An uninterrupted special of Oprah, that’s right no advertisements, no newsbreaks, we have a delightful guest and I’m just so, so pleased that she could join us! Now as you know, I’m an open minded person and I just love talking to people, sorry, make that personalities, from all walks of life. This lovely girl has an amazing personality, and faced with a crisis, she remained dignified. Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome Clover! Clover trots onstage to a hearty round of applause. Oprah: Clover, how are you girlfriend? Clover: I’m great Oprah! Just glad to be away from Animal Farm. Whoops! I still call it that after all these years! Manor Farm it is now. Oprah: Well just to update our audience, Clover has been one busy babe. After leaving Manor Farm, Clover has gained her doctorate in psychology! You go girl! Interrupted by round of applause from audience And today she’s hear to talk to us about powerplay. Clover: That’s right Oprah. Back at Animal Farm, I guess I was a little slow to learn but they underestimated me. Since I found who I really am, it’s just so refreshing! And studying psychology, I became very interested in power and how people gain power. Oprah: So do you have a hero, or heroine? Someone who you look at, as the epitome of power? Clover: Well not so much a hero. But I think Shakespeare was amazing, the way he portrayed power play. I mean, look at Othello. Iago is basically a slimy worm, but he gains so much power because he’s so intelligent and confident in himself. He plays Othello and as Othello weakens, his strength just grows. It’s fascinating. And Julius Caesar. Oprah: Tell us more about Caesar. Clover: Well Julius Caesar happens to be a personal favourite of mine actually. Caesar himself was a powerful man. He’d proved himself in battle, sucked up to the leaders of the time, even helped Pompey at one stage to gain power. By getting his foot in the political door early, he was paving his way into power. And oh, was he arrogant! But it was arrogance bred of power. The man spoke of himself in third person â€Å"†¦Caesar commands thy to speak!†¦Ã¢â‚¬  So forceful! He instantly commands power and elevates himself to others by speaking of himself in third person. Oprah: So you like a dominant man? Clover: Oh much more than that. I mean, even the very first act, I laugh every time! Marullus is like the majority of the Roman upper class, he sees the mob as a pack of sheep. The bastard even refers to them as â€Å"†¦you blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things!† His metaphor, alluding to ‘dumb’ stones is funny in itself. He thinks the crowd is brainless and nothing more than rocks and stones! But when you think about it, the whole city is built on stones and blocks- the important buildings, the roads and streets. The crowd, the mob, is the foundation of the city on which those in power must sit. So the crowd really does posses a lot of power! They just aren’t aware of how to use it. Oprah: Hmmm, so you’re saying the mob could make or break a guy in power? Clover: Well yes. When Murellus and Flavious encounter a couple of tradesmen in the first scene, the tradesman mocks them and hence gains power through their discomfort. There’s Murellus and Flavious, speaking at the workmen â€Å"†¦what trade art thou? Answer me directly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and calling them â€Å"†¦knave†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , so the cobbler tells him he’s a â€Å"†¦mender of bad soles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Quiet laughter in the audience. But Cassius is more than just a commoner, he has ambition, therefore the powerplay that Cassius and Caesar engage in yields much bitterness from Cassius. I mean, Caesar at the beginning is absolute ruler â€Å"†¦He doth bestride the narrow world; Like a Colossus, and we petty men; Walk under his huge legs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Dramatic, emphatic language is used even by Cassius here†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦doth bestride†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦Colossus†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , emphasising his power and strength in the society. Whereas Caesar strides, the rest of the â€Å"†¦petty men†¦Ã¢â‚¬  only walk. However Cassius can identify that Caesar is powerful only because the rest of Rome has allowed themselves to be â€Å"†¦underlings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Like the Chinese Communist Party, Cassius believes those who have proven themselves within the political class should be in power. Oprah: So the cobbler gets power over the senators by, well ripping them off? Wow, there you have it ladies and gentlemen, those smart remarks you’ve been saying in your head, let ’em rip! Clover: Well, you have to remember that these commoners were pretty darn clever. They gained power by punning their words. But then, Murellus pulled some back soon after. He throws rhetorical questions at the â€Å"†¦naughty knaves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . It’s pretty well done on Murellus’ part, he fires seven questions at them like â€Å"†¦wherefore rejoice? What conquest brings he home?†¦Ã¢â‚¬  before anyone else can get a single word in! Oprah: So he has power cause he’s the one speaking? Well, lord I must have a hell of a lot of power! Clover: Pretty much. He’s asserting himself again. A lot of stuff can be said through the spoken word. There’s this commentator in Australia, Alan Jones. He’s a very powerful man down there. I saw a documentary about him. Through his speeches and comments, he gains so much power. His medium is radio, and there are definitely people who call into the show to voice their opinions, but for a large part of the time, Alan Jones speaks uninterrupted. You read "Relationships at all levels involve complex powerplay" in category "Papers" He himself is a gifted orator- he was the speech writer for an Australian Prime Minister even! Oprah: So what about at Manor Farm? Or Animal Farm? Who won in the talking steaks there?! Groan from audience. Clover: Well actually, that’s a very interesting question. The pig who dreamed up the Rebellion, old Major, he drew an audience and we all used to listen- his word was law instantly. It was his quiet way, the regal way he â€Å"†¦sat ensconced on his bed of hay†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . But later, Napoleon of course was the public speaker. And he enforced it- with his damn dogs. They had us all scared half to death! His was a physical powerplay, intimidation. And because he used the crowd so to speak, he knew that we would all follow him, he wasn’t questioned. But Squealer, well he operated differently. He was a suck up, that’s for sure. But we believed him, listened to him, he â€Å"†¦could turn black into white†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Squealer was like an advertisement, a living, breathing propaganda machine. Propaganda in itself is powerplay though. The Times magazine ran an article about the Chinese Communist Party, demonstrating how it uses a great deal of propagand a. Back to Squealer though, he managed to make everything sound very convincing, he exploited our naivety. One particularly vivid, emotional moment for me was when Boxer was injured. Squealer appeared to be â€Å"†¦full of sympathy and concern†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and he said all these nice things. He told us that Boxer’s last wish was to see the â€Å"†¦windmill finished†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . That his last words were â€Å"†¦Forward comrades!†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . He used every chance he could to turn the situation around through his clever words to be in favour of ‘Comrade Napoleon’. He used us. We weren’t the most educated animals, I mean, I admit it. Like Stalin led the uneducated , we never doubted the system because we couldn’t fathom any other way. Oprah: Sounds like a nasty piece of work, doesn’t he ladies and gentlemen? Kind of like those men who whisper sweet nothings and then drop you like a hot potato! Clover: Someone who did use the spoken word well though was Mark Antony. And he knew how to run the crowd as well. Unlike the senators, he didn’t abuse his power over the crowd, well not in an insulting manner anyway. Antony respected the crowd and the power they held, but in his own way, he still played them. â€Å"†¦Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears!†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He gets their attention and draws them all together. By getting the crowd on his side, he has power behind him. And oh, he does play Brutus too! â€Å"†¦Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Oprah: Well doesn’t that just drip with sarcasm! Clover: It sure does Oprah. And Antony dishonours Brutus, ridding him of his power because he has dishonoured him in the eyes of the crowd- where the real power lies. I mean, politicians need the crowd, they are only in power when they have the power of the people supporting them. Alan Jones, he had the admiration and loyalty of his students and his team and â€Å"†¦it was a hypnotic power of a charismatic man†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . As much as I hate to admit it, Napoleon had us under his command, through intimidation. And trickery too I might add. The Chinese Communist Party has an uncanny likeness to Napoleon and his way of running things. They play the crowd through intimidation and their hold over the Army, well let’s say guns make sure that hold remains firm. Sorry Oprah, I’ve digressed again! Antony has something the crowd wants. Well he doesn’t really, but he knows the crowd will be pleased with gifts and such- through Caesar’s will. He leads the crowd to think what he wants them to think by teasing them, with the promise of reading the will. It’s a subtle exploitation and goes to show how much power comes with knowledge! He ensures that the plebeians remain loyal to Caesar â€Å"†¦they were traitors!..† the crowd cries. And then â€Å"†¦The will! The testament!†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and so Antony tells them what they want to hear. And he did a good job of it too. Alan Jones, in his early days as a teacher gained his power through his crowd, but unlike Antony, Jones was able to choose his crowd to some degree. He valued â€Å"†¦more highly those who were prepared to follow an established game plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This in itself is very demanding and forceful. He gains power through establishing a clear set of rules- his own rules. Jones went through a tough time, he was in trouble because it was alleged he accepted endorsements. However, he remained as powerful as ever. It was said in the documentary that if Jones â€Å"†¦didn’t lose his audience, he didn’t lose his power†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This acknowledges to an even greater extent just how important the crowd is in giving power. The powerful know how to work the crowd in their play for power. And particularly in Julius Caesar, we can see that power often corrupts. Powerplays are about power transferring from one party to another. When this balance of power inevitably becomes unequal, corruption and evilness often creep into the equation. Even Antony, after gaining the crowd’s support with Caesar’s will, manipulated them to his own advantage, calling Lepidus an â€Å"†¦ass†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and likening him to a horse. Although I myself believe that this is a great compliment! Actually, in Rome at this time it seems that likening one to an animal inflicted a great deal of insult. In Brutus and Antony’s exchange animal imagery shows just how fundamental power plays are- within nature and within human nature â€Å"†¦you showed your teeth like apes and fawned like hounds†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Yes even those who posses great power can stoop to childish name calling! Oprah: They seem to be very strong, very forceful. Clover: Jones in particular was. He â€Å"†¦didn’t accept fence sitters†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They were either on his side, or against him. By defining those clear boundaries, Jones is commanding power from those who are with him, because they support his opinion and their loyalty lies with him, and from those against him, because they are still playing by his rules, he forces them to make a decision and lets them know that he’s not afraid of it. However, in Julius Caesar, Cassius isn’t so forceful with Brutus. He is quite gentle, very subtle and strokes Brutus’ ego to win him over. â€Å"†¦no man here; But honours you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  says Cassius to Brutus. Cassius does actually recognise that the power in politics lies with the people, as does Cinna â€Å"†¦O Cassius, if you could; But win the noble Brutus to our party†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . He knows that Brutus’ reputation precedes him and basically, wants a piece of it. If Brutus is on his side, then Cassius is going to look a whole lot more reputable. Brutus’ honour will garner the crowd. Oprah: well it sounds to me like the people in power get all the perks! But if there’s so much power in the crowd, then how come it’s the leaders that get all the glory? Clover: Cause they’ve won the war. Won the powerplay, the struggle. In reality, the power of the crowd disseminates to support the ruling class, ruling party. The most powerful. Like I said before, the Chinese Communist Party are alike Napoleon and his pigs. Napoleon stopped the Sunday meetings, he wouldn’t let us in on anything, wouldn’t let us have a say anymore. The Chinese Communist Party are insiders, â€Å"†¦picked, then rotated through a series of jobs to test their loyalty. They use secrecy as a weapon, â€Å"†¦part of an old fashioned weapon of rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . If no one knows anything, then they have the advantage of the element of surprise, if it is others trying to discover their secrets, then the power is shifted to the Communist Party- power lies with knowledge. At the farm, Moses was asleep in the barn when Major first told us of the Rebellion. He didn’t approve because he didn’t have in. Like the church when communism was introduced- they missed the boat and hence the communists had the power. Oprah: So what if two big names clash? Like the Sunday night movie and you’re trying to figure out whether to watch Mel Gibson or Tom Cruise? What happens then? Clover: Well personally I prefer Mr Ed†¦ Oprah: Hey, whatever floats your boat hun! Clover: But the answer to your question is simply, one of them has to go. Just like Stalin ousted Trotskey, Napoleon got rid of Snowball when he became too much. Napoleon was smart, he knew the windmill would be a great idea. He knew that this would make us look at Snowball more favourably, and Napoleon couldn’t afford to lose the support of the crowd! We all â€Å"†¦came to look at Snowballs drawings at least once†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . â€Å"†¦Only Napoleon held aloof†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . It even came to the point where half of us where in full support of Snowball- we wanted him in power. â€Å"†¦Vote for Snowball and the three day week!†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . So he got rid of him- powerplay using force. Snowball was a better orator than Napoleon â€Å"†¦in a moment Snowballs eloquence carried [us] away†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . And it was then Napoleon knew he was in trouble, so out came the dogs. It was terrifying we were terrified and â€Å"†¦scared†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Napoleon’s answer to any threat to his power was simple- force. Like the Communist Party. The magazine article left no question as to the forceful nature of the group: â€Å"†¦Whatever the leadership lineup that parades before the cameras this week, the message will be the same: leave the driving to us†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Oprah: Do all people who gain power tend to have this group mentality? You know, strength in numbers? Clover: Well Caesar didn’t need anyone but himself! But neither does Allan Jones really. I mean, they all use other people to gain power. But it has been said of Jones that he was able to â€Å"†¦polarise people†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , that he was very much a â€Å"†¦solo performer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Oprah: All this talk about all these men! What about our sistas hun, there has to be some powerful girlfriends in this men’s club! Clover: Brutus’ wife Portia, she’s a woman and a half. Now, I don’t know about you Oprah, but I’d do nearly anything to get the truth outta my hubby. I’d willingly kick him in the leg, you know, throw a feed bin at him, that kind of thing. She doesn’t think much of her sex â€Å"†¦I grant I am a woman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Oprah: Wow those hunnies really needed someone like me around, right ladies?! Cheer from the audience Clover: But instead, she gave herself â€Å"†¦a voluntary wound†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Oprah: Hell, now wouldn’t that make the hubby shake in his boots! Clover: Yes, it did! But it worked, Portia gained power in Brutus’ entrusting her with his men’s secrets by this act of, well I like to call it insanity but some would say determination. Oprah: Well if that’s that kind of guy Brutus is, I don’t think I’d want to know his secrets! Clover: Brutus is a very complex man. His was of having power is by being unemotional†¦he holds his passion at bay and tries to rely on reputation and form and nobility rather than feelings. He is â€Å"†¦vexed†¦with passions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Although Brutus tries to regain some power in his exchange with Cassius â€Å"†¦Would not; Be any further moved†¦Ã¢â‚¬  by detaching himself from his emotions, Cassius appeals to Brutus’ sense of personal worth â€Å"†¦Men at some time are masters of their fates; The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars; But in ourselves, that we are underlings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . However, the guy is only human, and Cassius knows that he can seduce Brutus into complying, he can flatter his way into gaining power over Brutus â€Å"†¦Who is so firm that cannot be seduc’d†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Oprah: It’s fair to say Clover hun, that you’ve had some well, quite negative encounters with leaders and power in your lifetime. What are your views on it all now? Clover: It’s human nature Oprah. And animal nature too I guess. I mean, out in the wild it’s survival of the fittest, but in this day and age it’s survival of the fittest, smartest, best talker, the one who can get into the head of the crowd. We need leaders. Hell, even a farm of animals need a leader! I mean, under Jones, we were miserable. He was someone in a position of power who exploited us. We weren’t as educated as he, hence less powerful and his routine made the farm like a well oiled machine- at our expense. On our own, it would have been fine, except Napoleon became corrupted also, by power again exploiting us. The Chinese Communist Party, they are a self perpetuating group who breed their own leaders- sacrifices made by the party for the party. Alan Jones tended to apply favouritism to his students, selecting the strong and talented and dedicated. There are flaws in all these powerful people, even Caesar’s arrogance and Antony, his manipulation of the crowd. But powerplays are exchanges I guess, and power is gained by exploitation of the opposition’s weaknesses. By reducing the power of one, your own is strengthened. That’s just the way it is I guess. Old Major, he wanted a perfect place, his own version of ‘Sugarcandy Mountain’ I guess. â€Å"†¦Above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . All that said, I’ll repeat- it’s human nature. At the conclusion of Julius Caesar, we can know as an audience that this scenario will repeat itself. More people will suffer, sacrifice, die for power, it is the nature of humanity. Oprah: Well Clover, that’s about all we have time for. It’s just been an amazing story you’ve had to tell, you’ve certainly opened my eyes. I’d like to thank you for coming on the show today†¦ Clover: It’s my pleasure Oprah. Thankyou for having me! Oprah: You’re welcome, you’re welcome darling, now ladies and gentlemen let’s thank Clover! Round of applause from audience Music plays and credits roll. How to cite Relationships at all levels involve complex powerplay, Papers

Knowledge and Historical Development of Discipline †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Knowledge and Historical Development of Discipline. Answer: Proportionality is indicative of direct or the indirect relationship between two variables. The quality of knowledge can be defined by the help of two variables-its validity and its importance (Scharlau and Hans, pp 98). The two variables that will be explained during the course of this essay are the quality in relation to historical knowledge and to what extent it is dependent on the time it took to develop the knowledge. This essay explores the relation between the quality of the knowledge and the historical development of the discipline. This essay expounds in great length how in the case of meteorology historical development can prove to be fruitful whereas pertaining mathematics it cannot be said that the quality differs with historical development because the theories are independent in relation to each other. It can be claimed that to a certain extent historical development can give birth to knowledge of high quality. In the academic field of meteorology, high quality knowledge can be got with the help of reproduction of the experiments. Meteorology is an important branch of that of atmospheric sciences and it primarily focuses on the arena of weather forecasting. Study in relation to meteorology goes back to the millennia however great amount of progress was not made till the emergence of 18th century. Historical data was made use of in the arena of meteorology in order to discover new facts. Development in relation to climate research stands as an example of this view (Fleming, pp 206). Climate Change was observed in the beginning of the 19th century and it has been almost 200 years since it was observed. There was not enough technology at that point of time that suggested that change in relation to climate was real. Quality of knowledge in relation to this field was not much at this po int of time. Quality in relation to meteorological knowledge is dependent on the factor of accuracy of the instrument. It depends on the factor of accuracy of that of base data which are used for the testing and creation of theories. Data that is available can provide many opportunities that can help in producing objective knowledge that is accurate (Younis and Javed, pp 158). Technology has also greatly facilitated in the process of obtaining great amount of knowledge. Historical development taking place in the era of the 1990s was able to furnish relevant knowledge in relation to this discipline. Improvements in relation to computer models and that of observational world was able to put forward the significant theory of Milankovitch that said that the movements of the earth resulted in climate change. It was able to produce knowledge of great quality. With the passage of time, availability in relation to technology also increased that helps people in getting a better understanding of the world (Nelson and Richard, pp 306). It helped in improving the prediction in relation to natural sciences. Technology is crucial for the creation of plans along with strategies. With the advancement made in the field of technology, scientists have been able to make use of efficient equipments that helps in the process of collection of data. Doppler radar, satellite data, radiosondes, automated service-observing system, supercomputers and AWIPS has helped in the process of prediction of weather in the recent days (Gagn, pp 210). More research work is being conducted with the development of time that has helped in unravelling important information related to meteorology. With the passage of time, it was possible to get data from that of different disciplines that can help in the process of allocating probabilities in relation to different occurrences (Fleming, pp 206). It can in the coming years lead to the development of knowledge that is more accurate and verified from different sources. High quality of knowledge is sometimes produced without a long duration of time in relation to historical developments. It can be said in relation to the academic discipline of mathematics that historical development may not give birth to knowledge of high quality. It is not necessary to depend on the knowledge that has been produced by that of other people in relation to the field of mathematics. By practicing the academic discipline of mathematics, an individual will be able to bring about improvements in his knowledge. An individual will be able to develop his skill set if he practices mathematics. The learning of individual steps in the independent manner can help one in acquiring knowledge related to mathematics. Knowledge in relation to mathematics is not always gained when another individual is discovering something (Chandrasegaran et al., pp 187). Archimedes was a Greek mathematician who was considered as a leading scientist. He was responsible for anticipating the modern cal culus and the analysis of it. He applied the concept of the infinitesimals in order to derive geometrical theorems. The mathematical writings in relation to Archimedes have become redundant to a certain extent in the present age. The theories have undergone change with the passage of time and new theories have evolved in the present age. There are many mathematicians in the recent days who have discovered new theories that are widely used. Some of the luminaries are Bernhard Riemann and Pascal who have formulated their own theories that are popular among the academicians today (Cellucci, pp 67). Bernard Riemann, a German mathematician made contributions in relation to number theory along with that of different geometry. He is widely known for the formulation of that of the integral and the Riemann surface broke new ground in relation to geometric treatment. He produced a paper dealing with prime-counting function that became an influential paper in relation to analytic number theory (Younis and Javed, pp 158). He was responsible for setting the ground in relation to general relativity. He was resp onsible for investigating zeta function that established the importance of that of prime numbers (Wilder, pp 89). The interesting development in the work of Riemann is of significance in the present age. Blaise Pascal influenced mathematics throughout the course of his life. He created a tabular presentation of that of the binomial coefficients which is in the present age known as Pascals triangle. Pascal said that procedures in relation to geometry were quite perfect and certain principles were assumed and other propositions could be developed from them. Riemann along with Pascal have formulated new theories that can help in solving complex mathematical problems. The geometry approach of Riemann is different from that of Archimedes (Scharlau and Hans, pp 98). The opinion and the ideas of the theorists are independent of each other and it shows that high quality knowledge can be produced without long duration of that of historical development. Ken Ono who is a reputed mathematician has been able to achieve breakthrough in relation to the theory of that of partitions. His research team has been able to discover the important fact that the partition numbers act like fractals. They have created first finite formula that can help in the calculation of partition of a number (Ramsey, pp 90). This shows how new theories are evolving that does not take into account the theories of the earlier mathematicians. It hence goes against the opinion of some who say that quality in relation to knowledge is directly proportional to that of its historical development. The 20th century saw Ramanujan along with Hardy inventing circle method. It brought about the approximation of partition of number beyond that of 200 (Wilder, pp 56). They left trying to find the exact answer but rather settled for that of an approximation. The gradual changes brought about in the in the field of mathematics shows that the work produced at a particular time may not be of much use at a later point of time. The mathematics in the era of 1800s will seem strange in the present age on account of the fact that the theories have been reworked in post-modern approach. The evolution of mathematics was witness to seven periods namely proto-mathematics, ancient mathematics, classical mathematics, mercantile mathematics, pre-modern mathematics, modern mathematics and post-modern mathematics (Ramsey, pp 90). Modern mathematics is unified as compared to that of pre-modern mathematics but it is still different from the mathematics of the present age. Deep structure pertaining to mathematical fields was discovered but the approach was not standardized (Scharlau and Hans, pp 98). In the present period, mathematics was re-worked in a manner that can reflect the deep structure permeating the field of mathematics. The mathematics of the present age is characterized by set theoretical language. Mathematics has undergone a lot of changes in terms of mathematical structure, system and the properties. Long duration of that of the historical development can prove to be powerful when one tries to generate consensus within a group. Long duration in the field of historical development can contribute in producing knowledge of high quality. It is however not a prerequisite or an absolute necessity. It can hence be said that quality of the knowledge is not proportional to the length of historical development. There exists many different factors that can contribute to quality of knowledge. It can hence be deduced that no clear link exists between that of variables. It is rather dependent on the arena of knowledge that has been elaborated with the help of the above points. References: Cellucci, Carlo.Rethinking logic: Logic in relation to mathematics, evolution, and method. Dordrecht: Springer, 2013. Chandrasegaran, Senthil K., et al. "The evolution, challenges, and future of knowledge representation in product design systems."Computer-aided design45.2 (2013): 204-228. Fleming, James, ed.Historical essays on meteorology, 19191995: The Diamond Anniversary history volume of the American Meteorological Society. Springer, 2016. Gagn, Robert M., ed.Instructional technology: foundations. Routledge, 2013. Nelson, Angela B., and Richard M. Shiffrin. "The co-evolution of knowledge and event memory."Psychological Review120.2 (2013): 356. Ramsey, Frank Plumpton.Foundations of mathematics and other logical essays. Routledge, 2013. Scharlau, Winfried, and Hans Opolka.From Fermat to Minkowski: lectures on the theory of numbers and its historical development. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. Wilder, Raymond L.Evolution of mathematical concepts: An elementary study. Courier Corporation, 2013. Wilder, Raymond L.Mathematics as a cultural system. Elsevier, 2014. Younis, Syed Muhammad Zubair, and Javed Iqbal. "Estimation of soil moisture using multispectral and FTIR techniques."The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science18.2 (2015): 151-161.

Objectification of women free essay sample

Ericsson Introduction and thesis I will clearly state how my argument will be structured for prostitution through the various articles and philosophers I have studied. I shall also outline how I will come to my conclusion. Body An outline of my basic arguments will be presented with supporting sub arguments, these will include all the above references. I will use both Primoratz and Nussbaum to back up my conclusion. I will then evaluate and analyse their arguments in order to further support my view for prostitution. Then I will look at views that are opposed to the legalisation of prostitution through Yolanda Estes who defends Kantian ethics. After evaluating this I will come up with various responses. Conclusion look at objections I was unable to argue against as lack of space, also look at my overall argument and see implications of accepting the conclusion. Essay plan Although we are sometimes justified in withdrawing or withholding life sustaining treatment for someone who is terminally ill and suffering, we could never be justified in killing such a person? Critically discuss the claim? Intro Define what passive and active euthanasia are and their basic differences, Discuss the various arguments that you will look at and show your point of view for the essay State the part of the world that you will be discussing, both the us and uk Main body Body will be split into two main arguments, my first argument will discuss the moral difference between killing and letting a person die. We will write a custom essay sample on Objectification of women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I will use various references and examples from the articles and books noted. My argument will attempt to show that their can be no yes or no answer to the question as each case is very specific and should be taken on its own merits and not by one law. I will then look at various examples where courts have both ruled for and against passive and active euthanasia, critically discussing the decisions and as to weather they were morally permissible. I will then attempt to add a philosophical standpoint such as utilitarianism or Kantian ethics to further prove my original argument. After this I will also add counter arguments and attempt to provide possible responses in order to strengthen my argument. Conclusion Here I will summarise my viewpoint and show various arguments that I may have added if I had more space.  I will then attempt to finish my essay with a quotation from one of the various articles that both agrees with and summarises my stance. Objectification of women free essay sample Main Arguments Primoratz â€Å"what’s wrong with prostitution? † (  Vol. 68, No. 264, Apr. , 1993  ) Nussbaum â€Å"taking money for bodily services† Yolanda Estes â€Å"moral reflections on prostitution† Sources The philosophy of sex contemporary readings, Alan Soble and Nicholas. P. Power, Rowman Littlefield,  Jan 1, 2002 Prostitution and pornography: â€Å"philosophical debate about the sex industry† Charges against prostitution: an attempt at a philosophical assessment, Chicago journals,    Vol. 0, No. 3, Apr. , 1980 Lars. O. Ericsson. Introduction and thesis I will clearly state how my argument will be structured for prostitution through the various articles and philosophers I have studied. I shall also outline how I will come to my conclusion. Body An outline of my basic arguments will be presented with supporting sub arguments, these will include all the above references. I will use both Primoratz and Nussbaum to back up my conclusion. I will then evaluate and analyse their arguments in order to further support my view for prostitution. We will write a custom essay sample on Objectification of women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then I will look at views that are opposed to the legalisation of prostitution through Yolanda Estes who defends Kantian ethics. After evaluating this I will come up with various responses. Conclusion look at objections I was unable to argue against as lack of space, also look at my overall argument and see implications of accepting the conclusion. Essay plan Although we are sometimes justified in withdrawing or withholding life sustaining treatment for someone who is terminally ill and suffering, we could never be justified in killing such a person? Critically discuss the claim? Intro Define what passive and active euthanasia are and their basic differences, Discuss the various arguments that you will look at and show your point of view for the essay State the part of the world that you will be discussing, both the us and uk Main body Body will be split into two main arguments, my first argument will discuss the moral difference between killing and letting a person die. I will use various references and examples from the articles and books noted. My argument will attempt to show that their can be no yes or no answer to the question as each case is very specific and should be taken on its own merits and not by one law. I will then look at various examples where courts have both ruled for and against passive and active euthanasia, critically discussing the decisions and as to weather they were morally permissible. I will then attempt to add a philosophical standpoint such as utilitarianism or Kantian ethics to further prove my original argument. After this I will also add counter arguments and attempt to provide possible responses in order to strengthen my argument. Conclusion Here I will summarise my viewpoint and show various arguments that I may have added if I had more space.  I will then attempt to finish my essay with a quotation from one of the various articles that both agrees with and summarises my stance.

The Indian Mutiny essays

The Indian Mutiny essays The Indian Mutiny is a short story by Will Self, published in 1994, and is about a man, who believes he killed his history teacher back in primary school, by driving him into suicide. In the story, we hear of how the main character, Mr. Fein, droved his teacher, Mr. Vello, into taking his own life, by mentally harassing him. The story gives us a perspective of how evil and cruel children can be in their adolescence. When children are together in groups, they push themselves to their limits and test their teachers borders. In this case, Mr. Vello, the teacher, doesnt seem to be able to handle the situation. We never hear of one real attempt to stop the madness that goes on in his class, at least not before the making of his so-called Indian Army. One may ask one self why Mr. Fein harasses his teacher to such an extent that he goes mad. The early hatred against Mr. Vello may not even be real hate but more specified a struggle for power. We are told that the class is divided into two, almost three groups. The Jews, the gentiles and the Asians. The Asian group is not a real group; they dont sit together in a group like the rest of the class. They are the only well-behaved children in the class, and Mr. Vello doesnt consider them a threat to the class order. Whereas the Jews and gentiles are in an ongoing competition for attention, which must be the reason for the noise and the tumultuous environment in the class. In an attempt to outdo each other in being out of class-order, the children behave more wildly and crazy than ever imagined by Mr. Vello. He gets caught in the middle and loses his grip. Mr. Vello tries to solve his problem in a wrong way, by creating his Indian Army. He is an unordinary teacher, who, tries to enforce respect, authority and some sort of martial law into a class of rather disrespectful children. In Mr. Feins words (P.3 L.86) the school Creighton Comprehensive doesn&apos...

Shipbuilding industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Shipbuilding industry - Essay Example South Korea’s shipbuilding industry is watching China’s growth with lot of concerns. It should be noted that China is using indigenous technology for shipbuilding whereas South Korea is importing such technologies from overseas countries. Moreover, cheap labor is another major asset of China in promoting shipbuilding industry. In any case, South East Asia (Japan, China and South Korea) dominates the present global shipbuilding industry. These three nations accounted for more than 78% of global ship production in 2005. â€Å"In the same year, Korean shipbuilders received 21,960,000 GT, 37% of world shipbuilding orders, while Japanese shipbuilders secured 14,230,000 GT, 24.5% of the world total, and Chinese firms received 9,640,000 GT, 16.6% of the world total†(Shin & Ciccantell, 2009, p.184). These statistics clearly suggest that South Korea is the current leader in global shipbuilding industry even though Japan and China are not far behind. Shipbuilding history i n Korea has started even in the 16 th century. After getting independence in 1948, Korean government established a national company; Korea Shipbuilding and Engineering Corporation (KESC), to promote shipbuilding. Since then Korea witnessed huge growth in shipbuilding industry. ... It should be noted that all the big three are well known companies in the world at present. In the Korean shipbuilding industry, the number of workers has been increasing, which reflects the high performance of the industry. The number of workers in the industry in 1995 was 77,330, and it increased to 97,323 by 2004. Korean shipbuilders enlarged the labor force of unskilled workers of subcontracting companies in order to reduce labor costs. Furthermore, Korean shipbuilders worry about the possibility of a shortage of young technicians, an aging labor force, and the general trend among young people to avoid working in the local areas where most dockyards are located (Shin & Ciccantell, 2009, p.182). Shipbuilding requires huge manpower. The role of machines in manufacturing ships is minimum compared to the role of manpower. As in the case of other industries, shipbuilding industry is also facing strong competition in international market. The emergence of China as the cheapest labor or iented country is causing problems to Korean Shipbuilding industry. The success of Korean shipbuilding industry can be attributed to three factors; First, major shipbuilders started to reduce production at a time when the demand for new ships increases. Second, South Korean government implemented meaningful strategies to exploit the opportunities. Third, South Korea managed to continuously develop and upgrade its production processes, sustaining its initial cost advantages through rationalization and innovation (Bruno & Tenold, N.d., p.21). In short, South Korea’s current leading position in shipbuilding was obtained due to the favorable trends in the market and the visionary policies implemented by the government. One of the major raw materials required for ship manufacturing is steel.

Tell me, what is sociology, anyway Why bother to study it (Please be Essay

Tell me, what is sociology, anyway Why bother to study it (Please be convincing in your answer) - Essay Example Systematic methods of empirical observation/data and critical analysis are used to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity, in order to apply this knowledge for the study of social processes and human behavior. Sociology is non-ethical because it deals with the study of events as they are, and not what they should be. The scientist has no technique by which he can determine what the ultimate values of a society should be. The knowledge attained by him is instrumental. Fundamental assumptions are involved in all the investigations of knowledge, which are accepted without testing. The assumptions or pre-suppositions of science are given in the following: 1. There is an object world quite different from the subject world. 2. The truth of the object world can be explored by an unbiased investigation by man and by employing what is known as the â€Å"scientific method. Mechanics of Sociology: A) Scientific Rationality Scientific Rationality is identified in Sociology and science addresses the modern world, comprehends through logical thought and reasoning, creates suppositions, and verifies them through means of experimentation and scientific method.

The over dependence on computers and the internet Essay

The over dependence on computers and the internet - Essay Example However, in the past decade, they have undergone convenient transformations. They have now become handier and cheaper (Ray, â€Å"Article†). Rates offered by telecommunications companies have also been one of the most modern lowered and have become affordable to the middle and lower income groups in society. Its added features in text messaging, as a calculator, a camera, videophone, planner, radio, music storage, and other similar usages have added to its attraction and its popularity. Many developing nations have even embraced the technology for their businesses – to check market prices for their goods in market placed which may be two or three mountains away (Butler, â€Å"News†). Cell phones have become a convenient way for family members and friends to keep track and to contact each other, wherever they may be and whatever they might be doing. In this regard, it is also important for us to consider how the computers and the internet have become one of the mo st modern conveniences available to many people around the world. Computers have become a learning tool for many people, especially when they are used to access the internet in this currently globalized world. Countries and people which used to be an ocean away are now closer with the internet and all its features like social networking sites, search engines, and knowledge sharing. I believe that we have become too dependent on modern conveniences, both in our businesses and for our personal lives.

Extraction of Essential Oils Using Steam Distillation

Extraction of Essential Oils Using Steam Distillation Acknowledging about the importance of plants and its medicinal value research work is being done on the plant material. There are also over 200 references to aromatics, incense and ointments in the Old and New Testaments; Frankincense, Myrrh, Galbanum, Cinnamon, Cassia, Rosemary, Hyssop and Spikenard are noted for being used for anointing rituals and healing of the sick. Research has confirmed centuries of practical use of essential oils, and we now know that the fragrant pharmacy contains compounds with an extremely broad range of biochemical effects. The oils normally bear the name of the plant species from which they are derived. Essential oils are so termed as they are believed to represent the very essence of odor and flavor. The recovery of essential oil (the value added product) from the raw botanical starting material is very important since the quality of the oil is greatly influenced during this step. There are a variety of methods for obtaining volatile oils from plants. S team distillation method is found to be one of the promising techniques for the extraction of essential oil from plants as reputable distiller will preserve the original qualities of the plant and is being done in Clevenger apparatus. Analysis of Essential oil is done Gas Chromatography which gives us some indications of the quality and authenticity of the oil. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Essential oils contain highly volatile substances that are isolated by a physical method or process from plants of a single botanical species. The oils normally bear the name of the plant species from which they are derived. Essential oils are so termed as they are believed to represent the very essence of odor and flavor. Essential oil plants and culinary herbs include a broad range of plant species that are used for their aromatic value as flavorings in foods and beverages and as fragrances in pharmaceutical and industrial products. Essential oils derive from aromatic plants of many genera distributed worldwide. Oils are used in the embalming process, in medicine and in purification rituals. There are also over 200 references to aromatics, incense and ointments in the Old and New Testaments. Research has confirmed centuries of practical use of Essential Oils, and we now know that the fragrant pharmacy contains compounds with an extremely broad range of biochemical effects. There are about three hundred essential oils in general use today by professional practitioners. Continual bombardment of viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal contamination occurs in our body. Essential oils are a great benefit to help protect our bodies and homes from this onslaught of pathogens. Immune system needs support and these essential oils can give the required endorsement. [1] Steam distillation is used in the extraction of Essential Oil from the plant material. It is a special type of distillation or a separation process for temperature sensitive materials like oils, resins, hydrocarbons, etc. which are insoluble in water and may decompose at their boiling point. The fundamental nature of steam distillation is that it enables a compound or mixture of compounds to be distilled at a temperature substantially below that of the boiling point(s) of the individual constituent(s). Essential Oil contains components with boiling points up to 200 °C or higher temperatures. In the presence of steam or boiling water, however, these substances are volatilized at a temperature close to 100 °C, at atmospheric pressure. [2] Analysis of Essential Oil is done by using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometer. The qualitative and quantitative analysis is done to know the constituents in the oil and the percentage of components present in the oil respectively, by doing so we can know the purity of that particular oil. [3] CHAPTER 2:  LITERATURE REVIEW It is estimated that there are 250,000 to 500,000 species of plants on Earth. A relatively small percentage (1 to 10%) of these is used as foods by both humans and other animal species. It is possible that even more are used for medicinal purposes (Moerman, D. E. 1996). Moerman (1996) reported that while 625 species of plants have been used by various Native American groups as food, 2,564 have found use as drugs. According to his calculations, this leaves approximately 18,000 species of plants which were used for neither food nor drugs. [4] Plant oils and extracts have been used for a wide variety of purposes for many thousands of years (Jones 1996). These purposes vary from the use of rosewood and cedar wood in perfumery, to flavoring drinks with lime, fennel or juniper berry oil, and the application of lemongrass oil for the preservation of stored food crops. In particular, the antimicrobial activity of plant oils and extracts has formed the basis of many applications, including raw and processed food preservation, pharmaceuticals, alternative medicine and natural therapies. Since ancient times, herbs and their essential oils have been known for their varying degrees of antimicrobial activity. More recently, medicinal plant extracts were developed and proposed for use in food as natural antimicrobials. 2.1 DEFINITION: An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile, ethereal oils or aetherolea, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. Oil is essential in the sense that it carries a distinctive scent, or essence, of the plant. [5] Essential oils are frequently referred to as the life force of plants. These essential oils are extracted from flowers, leaves, stems, roots, seeds, bark, and fruit rinds. The amount of essential oils found in these plants can be anywhere from 0.01 percent to 10 percent of the total. These oils have potent antimicrobial factors, having wide range of therapeutic constituents. These oils are often used for their flavor and their therapeutic or odoriferous properties, in a wide selection of products such as foods, medicine, and cosmetics. Only pure oils contain a full spectrum of compounds that cheap imitations simply cannot duplicate. [5] 2.2 CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ESSENTIAL OILS: An Essential Oil contains more than 200 chemical components, but some are many times more complex. Essential oils consist of chemical compounds which have hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as their building blocks. They can be essentially classified into two groups: Volatile fraction: Essential oil constituting of 90-95% of the oil in weight, containing the monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, as well as their oxygenated derivatives along with aliphatic aldehydes, alcohols, and esters. Nonvolatile residue: This comprises 1-10% of the oil, containing hydrocarbons, fatty acids, sterols, carotenoids, waxes, and flavonoids. However the properties of these components can change. For example, the components from the oils extracted from plants can change according to how, when and where these plants are grown and harvested. [6] The constituents can be again subdivided into 2 groups, such as the hydrocarbons which are made up of mostly terpenes and the oxygenated compounds which are mainly alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, phenols and oxides. Some of the common components are listed below along with their properties. Alcohols: Alcohols are generally considered safe and have a very low or totally absent toxic reaction in the body or on the skin and so can be used on children. They are extremely useful due to their antiviral, antibacterial and antiseptic properties. Alcohols are present either as a free compound or combined with a terpene or ester and are found in ylang -ylang and lavender as linalool, geraniol in geranium and palmarosa and citronellol found in rose, lemon and eucalyptus. Other alcohols include menthol, nerol and benzyl alcohol. Alderhydes: Alderhydes are found in lemon-scented oils such as Melissa, lemon verbena, citronella etc. and include citral, citronellal and neral. They generally have sedative qualities with specific antiseptic properties. Other known alderhydes include benzaldehyde, cinnamic alderhyde and perillaldehyde. Essential oils containing alderhydes are helpful in treating inflammation, Candida and viral infections. [6] Hydrocarbon: Building blocks of Essential Oil are hydrogen and carbon. Basic Hydrocarbon found in plants is isoprene having the following structure. (Isoprene) Terpenes: These components generally have names ending with ene. Some of them are limonene, pinene, piperene, camphene etc. These components act as an antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antiviral and bactericidal. These are further categorized into monoterpene, sesquiterpene and diterpenes. When two of the isoprene units are joined head to tail, the result is a monoterpene, when three are joined, its a sesquiterpene and similarly four linked isoprene units are diterpenes. Monoterpene [C10H16]: Monoterpene are naturally occurring compounds, the majority being unsaturated hydrocarbons (C10).But some of their oxygenated derivatives such as alcohols, Ketones, and carboxylic acids known as monoterpenoids. (Limonene) (Menthol) Two isoprene units are present in these branched-chain C10 hydrocarbons and are widely distributed in nature with more than 400 naturally occurring monoterpenes. Moreover, besides being linear derivatives (Geraniol, Citronellol), the monoterpenes can be cyclic molecules (Menthol Monocyclic; Camphor bicyclic; Pinenes (ÃŽÂ ± and ÃŽÂ ²) Pine genera as well. Thujone (a monoterpene) is the toxic agent found in Artemisia absinthium (wormwood) from which the liqueur absinthe, is made. Borneol and camphor are two common monoterpenes. Borneol, derived from pine oil is used as a disinfectant and deodorant. Camphor is used as a counterirritant, anesthetic, expectorant, and antipruritic, among many other uses. Sesquiterpene: Sesquiterpenes are biogenetically derived from farensyl pyrophosphate and in structure may be linear, monocyclic or bicyclic. They constitute a very large group of secondary metabolites, some having been shown to be stress compounds formed as a result of disease or injury. These are having properties like anti-inflammatory, anti-septic, analgesic and anti-allergic. Sesquiterpene Lactones: These are available as farnesene in chamomile and lavender. They not only have proved to be of interest from chemical and chemotaxonomic point of view, but also possess many antitumor, anti-leukemia, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. Chemically the compounds can be classified according to their carboxylic skeletons; thus, guaianolides, pseudoguaianolides, eudesmanolides, eremophilanolides, xanthanolides, etc. can be derived from the germacranolides. Structural features of all these compounds are associated with much of the biological activity. For example beta-caryophyllene in basil and black pepper Diterpenes: Isoprene has been an integral part in most of the components as there are four isoprene units in Diterpenes. By Stem Distillation method we cannot detect Diterpenes as this molecule is too heavy to allow for evaporation, so it is rarely found in distilled Essential Oils. Diterpenes occur in all plant families and consist of compounds having a C20 skeleton. There are about 2500 known Diterpenes that belong to 20 major structural types. Derivatives of Diterpenes are plant hormones Gibberellins and phytol occurring as a side chain on chlorophyll. The biosynthesis occurs in plastids and interestingly mixtures of monoterpenes and diterpenes are the major constituents of plant resins. In a similar manner to monoterpenes, Diterpenes arise from metabolism of geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). Therapeutically Diterpenes have limited importance and are used in certain sedatives (coughs) as well as in antispasmodics and anxiolytics. Alcohols: Naturally Alcohols exist either as a free compound or combined with a terpenes or ester. When terpenes are attached to an oxygen atom, and hydrogen atom, the result is an alcohol. When the terpene is monoterpene, the resulting alcohol is called a monoterpenol. Alcohols are not and are suitable to body or skin. Therefore, they are considered safe to use. Some of these properties are anti-septic, anti-viral, bactericidal and germicidal. Some of the examples are linalool found in ylang-ylang and lavender, geraniol in geranium and rose and nerol in neroli. Aldehydes: Aldehyde containing Essential Oils are effective in treating candida and other fungal infections. Some of these properties are anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-septic, anti-viral, bactericidal, disinfectant, and sedative. Aldehydes are present as citral in lemon, Citronellal in lemongrass, lemon balm and citrus eucalyptus. Acids: Generally Organic acids are found in very small quantities in their free state within Essential Oils. Plant acids act as components or buffer systems to control acidity. These also act anti-inflammatory. Examples are cinnamic and benzoic acid in benzoin, Citric and lactic. Esters: Esters are formed through the reaction of alcohols with acids. Essential oils containing esters are used for their soothing, balancing effects. Because of the presence of alcohol, they are effective antimicrobial agents. Medicinally, esters are characterized as antifungal and sedative, with a balancing action on the nervous system. They generally are free from precautions with the exception of methyl salicylate found in birch and wintergreen which is toxic within the system. Examples are linlyl acetate in bergamot and lavender and Geranyl formate in geranium. Ketones: Ketones found in plants are used for upper respiratory complaints. They assist the flow of mucus and ease congestion. Essential oils containing ketones are beneficial for promoting wound healing and encouraging the formation of scar tissue. Ketones are (not always) very toxic. The most toxic ketone is Thujone found in mugwort, sage, tansy, thuja and wormwood oils. Other toxic ketones found in essential oils are pulegone in pennyroyal, and pinocamphone in hyssops. Some non-toxic ketones are jasmone in jasmine oil, fenchone in fennel oil, carvone in spearmint and dill oil and menthone in peppermint oil. Lactones: Lactones are known to be particularly effective for their anti-inflammatory action, possibly by their role in the reduction of prostaglandin synthesis and expectorant actions. Lactones have an even stronger expectorant action than ketones. [Previous thesis] 2.3 ADVANTAGES OF ESSENTIAL OIL: AROMATHERAPHY: Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine that uses volatile plant materials, known as essential oils, and other aromatic compounds for the purpose of altering a persons mood, cognitive function or health. Science has discovered that our sense of smell plays a significant role in our overall health. Since ancient times Essential Oils have been used in medicine because of their medicinal properties, for example some oils have antiseptic properties. In addition, many have an uplifting effect on the mind, though different essential oils have different properties. Working of Essential Oil in Aromatherapy: when Essential Oil is inhaled it goes directly from olfactory system to limbic system of the brain. Brain responds to the particular scent affecting our emotions and chemical balance. Essential Oils also absorbed by the skin and carried throughout the body via the circulatory system to reach all internal organs. We can be benefited by choosing carefully the desired and suitable oils which can promote overall health. Benefits depend upon the unique nature of each persons response to an aromatic stimulus. [1] Importance of Essential Oil in pharmaceutics: Essential Oils have versatile applications in pharmaceutics. Some of the applications are listed below. Antiseptics: The antiseptic properties of Essential Oil make them active against wide range of bacteria as on antibiotic resistant strains. In addition to this they are also against fungi and yeasts. The most common sources of essential oils used as antiseptics are: Cinnamon, Thyme, Clover, Eucalyptus, Culin savory, Lavender. Citral, geraniol, linalool and thymol are much more potent than phenol. [1] Expectorants and diuretics: When used externally, essential oils like (Lessence de terebenthine) increase microcirculation and provide a slight local anesthetic action. Till now, essential oils are used in a number of ointments, cream and gels, whereby they are known to be very effective in relieving sprains and other articular pains. Oral administration of essential oils like eucalyptus or pin oils, stimulate ciliated epithelial cells to secrete mucus. On the renal system, these are known to increase vasodilation and in consequence bring about a diuretic effect. Spasmolytic and sedative: Essential oils from the Umbellifereae family, Mentha species and verbena are reputed to decrease or eliminate gastrointestinal spasms. These essential oils increase secretion of gastric juices. In other cases, they are known to be effective against insomnia. METHODS OF EXTRACTION: The following are the methods of extraction of Essential Oil and their drawbacks. 2.4.1 Solvent-Extraction: In the Solvent-Extraction method of Essential Oils recovery, an extracting unit is loaded with perforated trays of essential oil plant material and repeatedly washed with the solvent. A hydrocarbon solvent is used for extraction. All the extractable material from the plant is dissolved in the solvent. This includes highly volatile aroma molecules as well as non-aroma waxes and pigments. The extract is distilled to recover the solvent for future use. The waxy mass that remains is known as the concrete. The concentrated concretes are further processed to remove the waxy materials which dilute the pure essential oil. To prepare the absolute from the concrete, the waxy concrete is warmed and stirred with alcohol (ethanol). During the heating and stirring process the concrete breaks up into minute globules. Since the aroma molecules are more soluble in alcohol than the waxes, an efficient separation of the two results. This is not considered the best method for extraction as the solvents can leave a small amount of residue behind which could cause allergies and effect the immune system. 2.4.2 Maceration: Maceration actually creates more of infused oil rather than an Essential Oil. Plant matter is soaked in vegetable oil, heated and strained at which point it can be used for massage. This method is not desirable because it changes the composition of oil. 2.4.2 Cold Pressing: This method is used to extract the Essential Oils from citrus rinds such as orange, lemon, grapefruit and bergamot. This method involves the simple pressing of the rind at about 120 degrees F to extract the oil. The rinds are separated from the fruit, are ground or chopped and are then pressed. The result is a watery mixture of essential oil and liquid which will separate given time. Little alteration from the oils original state occurs these citrus oils retain their bright, fresh, uplifting aromas like that of smelling a wonderfully ripe fruit. The drawback of this method is, oils extracted using this method have a relatively short shelf life. 2.4.3 Effleurage: This is one of the traditional ways of extracting oil from flowers. The process involves layering fat over the flower petals. After the fat has absorbed the essential oils, alcohol is used to separate and extract the oils from the fat. The alcohol is then evaporated and the Essential Oil is collected. 2.4.4 Super Critical CO2 Extraction: Supercritical CO2 extraction (SCO2) involves carbon dioxide heated to 87 degrees F and pumped through the plant material at around 8,000 psi, under these conditions; the carbon dioxide is likened to a dense fog or vapor. With release of the pressure in either process, the carbon dioxide escapes in its gaseous form, leaving the Essential Oil behind. The usual method of extraction is through steam distillation. After extraction, the properties of a good quality essential oil should be as close as possible to the essence of the original plant. The key to a good essential oil is through low pressure and low temperature processing. High temperatures, rapid processing and the use of solvents alter the molecular structure, will destroy the therapeutic value and alter the fragrance. 2.4.5 Turbo Distillation Extraction: Turbo distillation is suitable for hard-to-extract or coarse plant material, such as bark, roots, and seeds. In this process, the plants soak in water and steam is circulated through this plant and water mixture. Throughout the entire process, the same water is continually recycled through the plant material. This method allows faster extraction of essential oils from hard-to-extract plant materials. Dr.A.Sahoo et al have studied that Steam Distillation is a special type of distillation or a separation process for temperature sensitive materials like oils, resins, hydrocarbons, etc. which are insoluble in water and may decompose at their boiling point. The temperature of the steam must be high enough to vaporize the oil present, yet not so high that it destroys the plants or burns the essential oils. The experiment has been carried out for the extraction of oil from Eucalyptus which has high essential oil content. Such Eucalyptus essential oil, which have been used as perfume and chemical raw materials for a long time, are now been studied as renewable sources of energy. G. Anitescu et al have studied that ripe fruits of Coriander sativum L. were extracted by steam distillation and by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), using CO2 in a two-stage separation system. An inexpensive thermal expansion procedure for supercritical fluid delivery has been developed. The identification of components was performed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC ±MS). The percentage composition of the 40 identified compounds was compared with the composition of commercial coriander oil extracted by hydro distillation. Roy Teranishi et al have studied that system combines steam distillation and liquid-liquid extraction to recover volatiles from fats and oils. Oil is pumped in at the top of a spinning-band distillation column, in which the oil is heated to100 C and spread to a thin film. As the oil film drops down to the pot, steam, which is introduced at the bottom, travels upward to strip the volatiles from the oil. The steam distillate is extracted in a liquid-liquid extractor incorporated in the system, and the extracted water is recycled as steam. Stripped oil in the pot serves as a liquid seal to force steam up the column. The level of the oil in the pot is maintained automatically by an overflow system. Many liters of oil can be pumped through this system to be stripped of volatiles by steam. The volatiles can be isolated easily from the small amount of solvent recycled in the liquid-liquid extractor. Referring to the above literature review, it was found that Steam Distillation method is an appropriate and economical method for extraction of Essential Oil. 2.4.6 Extraction of Essential Oils Using Steam distillation Method: Steam distillation is a special type of distillation or a separation process for temperature sensitive materials like oils, resins, hydrocarbons, etc. which are insoluble in water and may decompose at their boiling point. The fundamental nature of steam distillation is that it enables a compound or mixture of compounds to be distilled at a temperature substantially below that of the boiling point(s) of the individual constituent(s). Essential oils contain substances with boiling points up to 200 °C or higher temperatures. In the presence of steam or boiling water, however, these substances are volatilized at a temperature close to 100 °C, at atmospheric pressure. Fresh, or sometimes dried, botanical material is placed in the plant chamber of the still and the steam is allows to pass through the herb material under pressure which softens the cells and allows the Essential Oil to escape in vapor form. The temperature of the steam must be high enough to vaporize the oil present, yet not so high that it destroys the plants or burns the Essential Oils.  Besides the steam tiny droplets of Essential Oil evaporates and travel through a tube into the stills condensation chamber. Here Essential Oil vapors condense with the steam.   The essential oil forms a film on the surface of the water.  To separate the Essential Oil from the water, the film is then decanted or skimmed off the top.  The remaining water, a byproduct of distillation, is called floral water, distillate, or hydrosol. It retains many of the therapeutic properties of the plant, making it valuable in skin care for facial mists and toners (A solution containing chemicals that can c hange the color of a photographic  print).   In certain situations, floral water may be preferable to be pure essential oil, such as when treating a sensitive individual or a child, or when a more diluted treatment is required. Rose hydrosol, for example, is commonly used for its mild antiseptic and soothing properties, as well as its pleasing floral aroma. A number of factors determine the final quality of a steam distilled essential oil. Apart from the plant material, most important are time, temperature and pressure, and the quality of the distillation equipment. Essential oils are very complex products. Each is made up of many, sometimes hundreds, of distinct molecules which come together to form the oils aroma and therapeutic properties. Some of these molecules are fairly delicate structures which can be altered or destroyed by adverse environmental conditions. So, much like a fine meal is more flavorful when made with patience, most oils benefit from a long, slow cooking process. It is possible that longer distillation times may give more complete oil. It is also possible however, that longer distillation time may lead to the accumulation of more artifacts than normal. This may have a curious effect of appearing to improving the odor, as sometimes when materials that have a larger number of components are sniffed, the perception i s often of slightly increased sophistication, added fullness and character, and possibly, and extra pleasantness. Advantages of using Steam Distillation: The advantage of Steam Distillation is that it is a relatively cheap process to operate at a basic level, and the properties of oils produced by this method are not altered. As steam reduces the boiling point of a particular component of the oil, it never decomposes in this method. This method apart from being economical, it is also relatively faster than other methods. CHAPTER 3:  EXPERIMENTAL WORK 3.1 Experimental Setup: The schematic diagram of experimental setup is shown below. The experiment was conducted in a Clevengers Apparatus. Apparatus consist of one round bottom flask of 1000ml which is connected with another two way round flask which holds raw material. The top flask is connected with condenser through the connecter. The separating funnel is used for the separation of essential oil and water. 3.2 Experimental Procedure: Fresh leaves (rosemary) or bark (cinnamon) are cut into pieces less than 2 X 2 cm within half a day after collection and 150-200 g boiled with 500 ml of distilled water in a Clevenger apparatus until oil distillation ceased after 5-6 h. The volume of essential oils was determined from a calibrated trap. The essential oils in the distillate were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and kept in the freezer. 3.3 Analysis of Essential Oils: Analysis of Essential Oil was done using Gas Chromatography with Mass spectrometer to know the composition of oil and to the quantity of each composition. 3.3.1 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. Applications of GC-MS include drug detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis, explosives investigation, and identification of unknown samples. Additionally, it can identify trace elements in materials that were previously thought to have disintegrated beyond identification. [7] Instrumentation: The GC-MS is composed of two major building blocks: the gas chromatograph and the mass spectrometer. The gas chromatograph utilizes a capillary column which depends on the columns dimensions (length, diameter, film thickness) as well as the phase properties (e.g. 5% phenyl polysiloxane). The difference in the chemical properties between different molecules in a mixture will separate the molecules as the sample travels the length of the column. The molecules take different amounts of time (called the retention time) to come out of (elute from) the gas chromatograph, and this allows the mass spectrometer downstream to capture, ionize, accelerate, deflect, and detect the ionized molecules separately. The mass spectrometer does this by breaking each molecule into ionized fragments and detecting these fragments using their mass to charge ratio. These two components, used together, allow a much finer degree of substance identification than either unit used separately. It is not possible to make an accurate identification of a particular molecule by gas chromatography or mass spectrometry alone. The mass spectrometry process normally requires a very pure sample while gas chromatography using a traditional detector (e.g. Flame Ionization Detector) detects multiple molecules that happen to take the same amount of time to travel through the column (i.e. have the same retention time) which results in two or more molecules to co-elute. Sometimes two different molecules can also have a similar pattern of ionized fragments in a mass spectrometer (mass spectrum). Combining the two processes makes it extremely unlikely that two different molecules will behave in the same way in both a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer. Therefore when an identifying mass spectrum appears at a characteristic retention time in a GC-MS analysis, it typically lends to increased certainty that the analyte of interest is in the sample. [7] 3.4 Experimental Observation: Experiment had been conducted using different plant materials at different temperatures and time of heating, keeping pressure constant (atmospheric pressure). CHAPTER 4:  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Inferences: Volume of Essential Oil obtained from a particular plant material was different for different temperatures and at a particular temperature for different time of heating. Volume of Essential Oil obtained is less in comparison to hydrosol of the same plant material. Its variation along with temperature and time of heating is shown in graphs drawn below. 4.1.1 Graph showing variation of Volume of Essential Oil against Temperature, obtained from Orange peels. From the graph we can observe that volume of Essential Oil obtained from orange peels is almost increasing linearly with Temperature, if we ignore the slight decline in volume at 900C. The decline may be due to leakage of vapor during Steam Distillation or because of improper decantation. 4.1.2 Graph showing variation of Volume of Essential Oil against Temperature, obtained from Eucalyptus leaves. From the above graph we can observe that volume of Essential Oil obtained is negligible before the components of the oil reach to their boiling

Robert Mondavi Corporation Essay -- Business Marketing, Case Study, so

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 2. BACKGROUND OF THE CASE STUDY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 3. ANALYSIS & IMPLICATIONS OF PORTER’S FIVE COMPETITIVE PRESSURES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7-17 3.1. The Potential Entry of New Competitors 3.2. Competitive Pressures from Substitutes Products 3.3. Bargaining Power of Buyers 3.4. Bargaining Power of Suppliers 3.5. The Rivalry among Competing Sellers 4. ANALYSIS OF THE STRATEGIC GROUP MAPPING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.18-20 5. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS OF THE WINE INDUSTRY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21-23 5.1. World famous growing areas 5.2. Larger growing market for premium wines 5.3. Favorable demographic and macro trends 5.4. Quality and affordable prices 5.5. Product differentiation 5.6. Different wine segments 5.7. â€Å"Open markets† 6. RECOMMENDATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.24-27 6.1. Positive cash flows 6.2. Backward integration 6.3. Expanding to new geographic areas 6.4. Exploring new channels 6.5. Openings to extend quality and image to niche market 6.6. Further mix channels of export strategies 6.7. Clever advertising 7. CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...28 8. LIST OF REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦28 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provides thorough analysis of the Robert Mondavi Corporation (RMC) in order to give a best solution to Michael Mondavi, the CEO of the company in terms of the problem face by the company. It begins by examining the internal and external forces that greatly affect RMC by applying Porter’s five forces of competitive pressures to investigate the status of competition of wine industry in U.S. as well as their implications. Analysis of the strategic group mapping is important in order to give a clear position of RMC’s competitor in the market follows by each company’s characteristic. Next, it is essential to analyze the key success factors of U.S. wine industry that contribute RMC in considering its future competitive strategies and changes that should be taken by the company accordingly Finally, recommendations are provided for RMC for its future expansion’s strategies. 2. BACKGROUND TO THE CASE STUDY RMC is a leading producer and marketer of table wines, located in Oakville, California. RMC markets wines worldwide un... ... 8. LIST OF REFERENCE Allick, C. and Blankfort, T. 2002, ‘The Robert Mondavi Corporation’, Instream Partners LLC, viewed on 30th Nov 04, . Burns, M., Crescenzi, D., Ghaleb, T., Gichuru, I., and Parija, B. 2001, ‘Beringer’, viewed on 10th Dec 2004, . Eyler, R.C. 1999, ‘The International Competitiveness of the California Wine Industry’, North Bay Regional Collection, viewed on 30th Nov 04, . Franson, p. 2002, ‘Wine industry drinks from bitter cup at industry conference’, Napa News Dot.Com, viewed on 1st Dec 04, < http://www.napanews.com/templates/index.cfm?template=story_full&id=549CD609-5516-4E4C-A11C-1941F07D7944>. Silverman, M. and Castaldi, R. 1999, ‘Competition in the Global Wine Industry: A U.S. Perspective, viewed on 29th Nov 04, . Silverman, M., Gilinsky, Jr., A., Guy, M. and Baack, S. 2001, ‘Robert Mondavi Corporation’, viewed on 10th Dec 2004, . Spritzer, A.A. 2002, ‘The Wine Pact: ‘New World’ Wine Change the Industry’, viewed on 1st Dec 04, < http://www.american.edu/TED/wine-pact.htm>. Thompson Jr, A.A. and Strickland III, A.J. 2003, Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases, 13th edn., McGraw-Hill Higher Education, NY.

”No Hindu, No Muslim, No Christian, We are just Indian. “

Respected judges, respected teachers and dear audience. Today we gather here to celebrate one of the National festivals of India, it isRepublic day. It is a great opportunities for me, as you allowed me to share few words on this occasion.On this day, it was January 26, 1950 we declared our country as a Republic country by adopting our own constitution. Actually, thepreparation of our constitution was over earlier than this date but we choose January 26 for this, because this date has its own significance earlier than this day. It was January 26, 1930 on the bank of river Ravi, our freedom fighters pledged to attain â€Å"Sampurna Swaraj† and started new agitations to make India freedom from the British Rule. So, on 1950 on this day we declared our India as a Sovereign, Democratic and Republic.As this festival is related to our nation, it is celebrated all over our country. It celebrated in schools, colleges, government and nongovernment offices and industries. It becomes a pu blic festival as every Indian celebrates it. On the eve of this day, our honourable President gives a message to the nation. In his/her message he/she analyses the achievements of government and gives indications towards the future plans of the government towards the welfare of our country.All over the country people celebrates this festival. In national capital Delhi, there is a grand celebration. People from every corner of the country come here to participate in the grand Republic day celebration. The grand celebration occurs at the India Gate and Rajpath of New Delhi. The entire route is decorated with our national flags. Many foreign delegates also come to witness India's progress on this occasion.At the beginning of the celebration, our Prime Minister salutes the martyrs of soldiers who laid their life lives for our country on Amar Jawan Jyothi, at the India Gate. Then he moves towards the celebration†¦